Tourism - Tourism & Travel Life

Tourism

Tourists in front of the doors of the prayer hall of the Great Mosque of Kairouan.

Maurice Prendergast, Visitors Summer 1897

Tourism is the act of traveling into or browse for fun, a place other than where it normally lives, which may involve the use of an overnight stay at a hotel and possibly the book title transport.

Initially attached to leisure and health, tourism now also encompasses all economic activities in which the person uses during an unusual move (transport, hotels, restaurants, bars, etc.).

It may be, for example, a business trip (this is called "business tourism") or a religious pilgrimage ("cultural tourism") or to travel in order to have sex with indigenous ("sex tourism"). One can also seek treatment in another country than where you live, it is called medical tourism.

Practicing tourism also allows pausing in his schedule utility imposed by the need to earn a living time.

Tourists are generally interested in culture or landscapes he visits. This practice has long been the preserve of the wealthy who could afford to travel, to see the remarkable buildings, works of art or taste other cuisines.

Tourism has spawned an industry where the middle classes in Western countries (Europe and North America) could start traveling. This is a general improvement in living standards that allowed people to spend more time on leisure activities, including tourism, not to mention the considerable progress in transportation (marine, rail and especially air).

Four international organizations (Statistical Commission of the United Nations (in), World Tourism Organization, Eurostat and OECD) defined this term. "'Tourism' includes the activities of people during their journeys to and staying in places outside their usual environment for a consecutive period not exceeding one year, for leisure, for business and other reasons not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited. "

history
The British founders
The words "tourism" and "tourist" was officially used for the first time by the League of Nations to name the people traveling abroad for periods of over 24 hours. But the tourism industry is much older than that.

For there to be tourism, four key parameters must be met:

the taste of the exotic, the discovery of other cultures;
money available for non-core activities;
free time;
infrastructure and communications Safe and facilitating travel and stay.

English in the Roman Campagna. Carl Spitzweg (1845)
The term "tower" became popular in Britain in the eighteenth century when the "Grand Tour of Europe" (Grand Tour of Europe) became a part of the education of the young and rich British gentlemen. To complete their education and avoid the harsh weather of their native island, many young people went all over Europe, but especially in places of cultural and aesthetic interest as Rome, Tuscany and the Alps, and European capitals.

Number of British and European artists from the sixteenth century were the "Italian journey" such as Claude Lorrain. If Rome, Naples and Florence has long attracted foreign visitors, it is the influence of the Romantic poets like Lord Byron and William Blake that made the countryside, the Alps, torrents and mountain gorges, popular

British aristocrats of the eighteenth century particularly crazy about the "Grand Tour", taking the opportunity to discover the artistic and archaeological heritage of Italy in particular, and accumulate artistic treasures of Europe. They played a major role in the birth of archeology with the discovery of Pompeii and Herculaneum in particular. They brought as works of art in amounts unrivaled anywhere else in Europe, this is what explains the current wealth of many public and private British collections. Tourism that time was fundamentally elitist, accreditation and training that allowed to meet with his counterparts across Europe trip.

Tourism in the modern sense did not develop until the nineteenth century; it is nowadays most of the tourism industry.

The beginning of the industrialization of tourism was a British invention in the nineteenth century, including the creation of the first travel agency Thomas Cook. This responded to the growing needs of travel for all sorts of reasons, the British whose country was the first European country to industrialize. Initially, only the owners of the means of production, factories, traders and the new middle class benefited from free time, but also increased desire to travel, for example visit the Universal Exhibition (the first World Expo held in London in 1851 and attracts millions of visitors).

Tourism diversifies during the nineteenth century leisure travel, business travel, spa, looking for sunshine in the cold season, especially for the treatment of tuberculosis, a scourge of the time.

The British origin of this new industry is attested by many names:

Nice, the long esplanade along the sea is still known as the Promenade des Anglais;
in many resorts in continental Europe, luxury hotels have names like Hotel Bristol, Hotel Carlton or Hotel Majestic.
They are also British tourists who invented winter sports in Switzerland in the village of Zermatt. Before the arrival of the first tourists, the villagers of Zermatt just saw their long snowy winter was a period when the best thing to do was stay out of the cold and make cuckoo clocks or other objects lifts.

The role of the railways in the development of tourism

The mass tourism began to develop when transportation had increased and that the number of people enjoying free time was increased. The invention of the railroad and the development of railways in the nineteenth century resulted in the growth of cities in the seaside easily accessible for British urban ... Blackpool was created by building a line towards Fleetwood and some stations were promoted by the railway companies iron- Morecambe Midland Railway and Cleethorpes by Great Central Railway. Other stations included Scarborough in Yorkshire, servicing Leeds and Bradford; Weston-super-Mare in Somerset, supplying the people of Bristol; and Skegness, was attended by residents of the industrial East Midlands. The Cockneys of London flocked to Southend-on-Sea, mainly by boat paddle wheels of the Thames and the South Coast resorts such as Broadstairs, Brighton and Eastbourne were only a short train ride with other further as Bournemouth, Bognor Regis and Weymouth.

The Passenger of 54 by Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (1896)
For a century, local tourism was the norm, with foreign travel reserved for the rich or the culturally curious people. A number of destinations in the interior, such as the National Park of the Lake District and Snowdonia appealed to those who loved the countryside and beautiful scenery. The camp began appearing in the 1930s, but this has really expanded in the period after the war. Butlins and Pontins put up this trend, but their popularity waned with the rise in organized trips abroad and the growing comfort which visitors became accustomed at home. Towards the end of the twentieth century this market has been revived by the local high-end stations of the Dutch Center Parcs.

The colonial tourism
An example of tourism development in the settlements is the case of the Netherlands Indies. Between 1890 and 1910, publishing travel guides multiply. The colonial government includes the profit that can be drawn from this interest, and built relay progress through the island of Java, the Pasanggrahan. Between 1900 and 1930, tourism by Europeans in Java experiencing a boom. At Batavia, the capital of the colony, a Travellers' Official Information Office publishes guides touting the charms of the "East Indies". The tire manufacturer Goodyear publishes maps. Prestigious hotels were built across the island. This development is made possible by the improvement of maritime links between Batavia and Singapore, the main British colony in the region and already a important2 port.

Another example is the French colonial tourism: creation of the hill station of Dalat in Việt Nam in 1916, tourism in North Africa in the late nineteenth century favored by the Grand Tour aristocrats from the seventeenth century, travel by intellectuals and artists in the eighteenth century and then by the imperial authorities that arouse curiosity and taste for the exotic. These authorities, through public organizations or private institutions (Touring Club of France, tourist offices, transatlantic companies like General Transatlantic Company, railways as the PLM), set up Committees of hivernage3 , are building hotels, casinos, theaters, roads, tourist resorts, publish guides, preserve local heritage (souks, mosques). They use propaganda to glorify colonialism and even encourage the arrival of new settlers. After the crisis of 1929, the fledgling tourism decline in favor of "domestic tourism" colonial officials and tourism more popular (especially members of the association Tourism and Work of John Faucher of the Tourism Association of Railway who take their leave with summering committees). The authorities create parallel ad hoc institutions (OFALAC4 in Algeria, Tunisia Lotus) to develop economically colonized these areas, for example multiplication of Algeria national parks. After World War II, with the development of mass tourism, are implemented concerted actions touristique5 development.

recent developments
The tourist is not just "any person traveling outside their usual environment for a period of at least one night and one year" (defined by the World Tourism Organization); it's a much broader set of activities of widely varying practices. If in France until 1936 they were the preserve of the upper class, with the introduction of paid leave, he boomed other; the mass of workers and their families and can finally move to their approval. The development of mass tourism in France takes place after the establishment of the third, then the fourth week of paid leave in 1956 and 19696.Cependant, in many ways, tourism (as travel) remains luxury only available to upper and middle classes of the population in developed countries.

Mass tourism: the high-rise hotels, as we can see in Benidorm (photo), were built along the southern European coast in the 1960s and 1970s to accommodate tourists from Europe North.
Some trends are emerging in recent years. First, there is a fragmentation of the holiday period, with the consequent spreading of the "season." This trend towards fragmentation also helps develop local tourism. There is also a more pronounced taste for roaming: mobility increases with the weather, family needs, the desires of the moment, parties or events Various7. This diversity of tastes and practices also contribute to the development of themed holidays. These factors require a good knowledge of tourist flows.

In recent years, due to a decrease in working hours giving everyone more time for leisure but also on the cost of life, constantly increasing, limits spending, has created the 'tourism' a day "which is becoming more and more extended. A new form of tourism is developing in recent years: Creative Tourism which offers visitors an active participation in the culture of a country or region.

Creative tourism exists as a form of cultural tourism, since the very beginnings of tourism. Return to its European roots Grand Tour qu'effectuaient young European aristocrats in order to learn about other cultures by making trips based on experience. More recently, creative tourism has been recognized as such by Crispin Raymond and Greg Richards, [31] which, as a member of ATLAS -. Association for Tourism and Leisure Education led a large number of projects and studies for the European Commission [31]

Regarding applications, in 2006, the Fundació Societat i Cultura (FUSIC) created Barcelona Creative Tourism, a pioneering program designed to promote creative tourism in Barcelona and Catalonia.

FUSIC also created in 2010 the International Network for the Promotion of Creative Tourism - International Creative Tourism Network - to promote this new tourist modality internationally.

UNESCO recognizes this new orientation8 and number of creative cities with this type of tourism is increasing.

The Creative Tourism brings more and more fans in the world, willing to take artistic and creative activity that allows them to experience the culture of their place of residence living special moments with its inhabitants. The increasing popularity of touristes9 for this new way to experience a culture of particular interest to community leaders and operators sensitive to the ability to attract quality tourism while highlighting the intangible heritage (craft workshops, training cooking, etc.) and optimizing the use of existing infrastructure (eg via the rental of rooms and auditorium).

Tourism is also linked to the world of work through the business and tourism through the practices called in English "incentive". The first concerns the entire tourist offer (entertainment, discovery) surrounding business travel, conventions, seminars, exhibitions - and France is still a few years the world's leading destination for exhibitions and conferences. The second ("Incentive") consists of trips organized for staff of a company (in French: incentive trip). It may include sports and recreational events, as well as cultural activities, in addition to seminars or meetings.

It is observed that the practices are diversifying, intersect, creating as many niches for producers of tourism. Customers no longer defined by a single practice, a practice no longer defines a single customer profile.

In China, tourism and tourism consumption rose sharply: in 2003, it is estimated that more than 100 million Chinese have traveled and visited their country, apart from trips to familial10 pattern. This number increased to 130 million in 2008, while 46 million Chinese went to étranger11,12.

The advent of e-tourism is causing disintermediation and consolidation of the tourism sector (paperless paper ticket electronic ticket, development of large distribution platforms, etc.) 13. Internet offering new sources of information on destinations, it encourages the development of participative tourism as the greeter movement, a non-profit tourism offering that allows tourists to meet locals and helping to reinvent the relationship between visitors and people visited 14.

More recently, the dark tourism (English dark tourism) is to visit places evoking suffering, death and fear: the extermination camp of Auschwitz, Gorée Island, Chernobyl.